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Q1October 2026 · Submitted

Random Cross-Validation Overestimates the Accuracy of Machine-Learning Environmental Maps: A Meta-Analysis of 266 Studies

Richar Andre Vilca-Solorzano

Summary

A PRISMA 2020 systematic review and three-level meta-analysis of 1,102 effect sizes: random cross-validation inflates R² by 0.21.

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